
The most common vascular diseases affecting the brain vessels are aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. Aneurysms are small, bubble-like expansions of the brain vessel wall, where the vessel wall gradually thins and can rupture. The consequences of bleeding are a stroke. Arteriovenous malformations are congenital diseases of the brain vessels, where over the years the vessel walls also weaken and brain bleeding can occur. Cerebral vascular diseases must be treated with great seriousness as they can threaten the life of an individual. They are treated surgically or in other non-surgical ways.
More severe head injuries are associated with skull fractures, intracranial hemorrhages, and brain contusions. All of these conditions are life-threatening and require acute hospital treatment. Late consequences of brain injuries include cognitive impairment and motor impairment. Long-term, targeted neurorehabilitation is recommended to improve functional abilities.
The brain and spinal cord can be affected by the growth of tumors that grow from brain cells or by metastases from other tumor changes. Treatment is usually surgical at first. In the case of malignant tumors, patients are additionally treated with oncological therapy, radiation or chemotherapy.
The most common compression of peripheral nerves in the upper extremities is compression of the median nerve in the wrist and the ulnar nerve in the elbow. The compressions are most often the result of congenitally narrower anatomical bone passages in these areas and additional thickening of the ligaments, which together irritate the nerve in this part, which is manifested by a disturbing tingling sensation in the fingers and forearm. Treatment is initially conservative, and if it is not successful, surgical therapy is possible.
Herniated intervertebral discs are one of the most common degenerative changes in the spine. A bulging intervertebral disc is inflammatory and degenerative and painful, can touch or even pinch the adjacent nerve root and cause pain in the lower back or neck that spreads along the limb. There are several forms of herniated intervertebral discs. Treatment depends on the clinical picture and duration of the problems.
Narrowing of the spinal canal is a consequence of advanced degenerative changes in the vertebrae and thickening of the intervertebral ligaments, which occur from middle age onwards due to increased loads. Narrowing of the spinal canal gradually progresses and compresses the adjacent nerve structures. Clinically, this condition begins to manifest in the patient with gradually progressive pain in either the neck or lumbar spine and reduced performance. Walking becomes difficult, stiffness in the legs and balance disorders occur. In advanced spinal stenosis, treatment is usually surgical.
Due to incorrect static loads on the spine, over time, a small displacement of an individual vertebra outside of its physiological position may occur. At this point, the spine is additionally subjected to degenerative changes, which manifest as an advanced pain syndrome that spreads to the lower limb. If the degenerative changes progress and the patient's clinical picture significantly affects daily activities, surgery is necessary, which includes releasing the compressed nerve roots and fixing the affected vertebrae with screws.
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